Copyright Law Case Study

Music Business Music Technology & Production Year 3 K00121700 Case Study Ronan Mitchell Abstract Copyright Law is an important entity within the music industry. It protects the owner of authorship from infringement. Infringement arises when the copyright owner’s work is used without their consent. Although sounds cannot be copyrighted, some cases have shown that the argument of copyrighting one’s voice can sometimes hold weight in a court of law. Singer Tom Waits sued snack manufacturer Frito Lay for hiring a singer to impersonate him in an advert.Mr. Waits felt that his artistic copyright had been infringed upon. Frito Lay’s defense argued that a voice cannot be protected by copyright law as it is a sound and not a musical piece of work. They referred to a similar case involving Bette Midler in which she sued Ford motors for using an impersonator in a commercial to imitate her voice. Although Midler lost the case, it created ambiguity over the issue of an artist ’s right their voice, if they believe it to be distinctive. Tom Waits, unlike Bette Midler, won the lawsuit and earned him $2. 6 million.This case served to highlight the complexities involved with advertising agencies using, not only an artist’s work, but also their identity. Introduction The music industry is notoriously rife with legal disputes. Many of these are due to infringement of copyright. A grey area arises, however, when it comes to advertising. In a lot of cases, an artist will gladly accept royalties and/or remuneration to have their song featured in an advertisement. But in certain instances, artists will have strong opinions about having their music feature in an advertisement.When this happens, advertising companies who use this artist’s work can find themselves in the middle of an ugly legal dispute. This case study endeavors to discuss some of the legal complexities involved when advertising companies use an artist’s musical work. Sever al cases exist in the United States where advertising agencies ran into legal disputes over music featured in an ad, even when not infringing upon standard copyright laws. I have chosen two cases to cross examine to highlight certain legal problems that certain advertising companies face.The first case examined for this study is Tom Waits Vs Frito-Lay, Inc. In this case Tom Waits sued the Frito-Lay snack manufacturer and their advertising agency for voice misappropriation and false endorsement. Despite not infringing on any copyright laws, Waits won the case and was awarded $2. 6 million in compensatory damages, punitive damages and attorney’s fees. (Roesler, 1992). The second case examined in this study will look at is Bette Midler Vs Ford Motor Co. This case, which preceded Waits lawsuit, is almost identical in that Ford’s advertising agency, Young & Rubicam, Inc. hired an unknown singer to impersonate Midler on a version of her track â€Å"Do You Want To Dance†. (Lurie, 1994) Midler took legal action and sued Ford for $10 million, also citing voice misappropriation. Unlike Tom Waits case, US District Judge A. Wallace Tashima ruled against Midler, stating that the evidence presented wasn’t sufficient and that a voice is not a copyrightable entity (Los Angeles Times, 1989) Study To better understand the legalities that face companies in these instances, we must first develop a better understanding of what copyright law entails. In short, Copyright is a property right.It is a set of laws and regulations set in place to protect to form of expression of ideas. The ideas themselves cannot be protected by such laws. The idea must take on some tangible form, such as a recorded piece of music, a produced film, piece of art, etc. The owners of these rights are protected by copyright law from anyone who would copy their work and reproduce it for their own monetary gain without the owner’s express permission. It is the owner of the co pyright who may authorize the use of their work by another party, but only they only reserve the right to do this at their discretion. Neff, 2012) Naturally, as there are many different mediums for expressing ideas, copyright law is divided into many different subsections. This is to cover all vessels for creative expression. On a simple scale, copyright subsists in four sections; Music, Film and Broadcast, Literary Publication and Original Databases. The music subset consists of Musical, Literary, Dramatic or Artistic Works. The musical copyright covers works of music that do not contain words. How notes are arranged to form melodies, song structures and chord progressions are protected by this copyright.Certain musical elements are not protected by this. If a guitarist has particularly unique guitar tone, he cannot have this protect by a copyright. A specific tone is not a tangible musical work and therefore cannot be protected. However, if the same guitarist recorded an original piece of music with that guitar tone, this recording is now a tangible body of work and can be protected by musical copyright. It is the music itself that is protected. Not the sound. (Neff, 2012) This is a particularly interesting element of Tom Waits lawsuit against Frito-Lay.The defendants argued that the â€Å"voice misappropriation† case was invalid as one cannot own the rights to certain style of singing. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) Tom Waits is an American singer, songwriter, composer and actor. Almost as much for his music, he is renowned for his unique gravelly, guttural singing voice. His voice has been described as sounding like â€Å"like it was soaked in a vat of bourbon, left hanging in the smokehouse for a few months, and then taken outside and run over with a car. † (Graff, G & Durchholz, D 1998).Tracy-Locke, Frito Lay’s advertising agent, approached Tom Waits about using is his song â€Å"Step Right Up† in an advert for RioSalsa Doritos. They put together a version of the song which featured new lyrics relevant to the product and played this for Waits. Tom Waits refused outright as he is vehemently opposed using his music to sell products. It was interesting that they chose that particular song, as the lyrics are a satirical indictment of advertising. The song features advertising slogans used sarcastically to describe a product that supposedly does everything from â€Å"shine your car† to â€Å"make you six foot five, blonde and beautiful†. Jacobs, 2000) When he refused, the Tracy-Locke company then hired a singer to impersonate Tom Waits style of sing over a song that bared a lot of similarities the Waits â€Å"Step Right Up†. Tom Waits took legal action and sued for voice misappropriation and false endorsement. (Roesler, 1992) As the lyrics for the song were altered to suit the ad, Waits literary copyright was unaffected. The literary copyright pertains to a work of words which are written, spoken or sung. This work does not specifically need to be written down for the copyright to apply. A recording of such work holds he same right as literary work that is written or printed. Written musical notation also falls under this subsection regardless if it is written down, printed or recorded. (Neff, 2012) As for the musical rights to the song, it transpired that Tom Waits, despite having written the piece, did not have authorship of the copyright for â€Å"Step Right Up†. In normal circumstances, authorship of the copyright to a sound recording is held by the produce of said recording. In this case, the authorship fell to Fifth Floor Music run by Herb, Martin and Evan Cohen.Frito Lay had in fact obtained the synchronisation license from Fifth Floor Music. This licence enabled them to reproduce a new song extremely similar, albeit not identical, to â€Å"Step Right Up† to which the new jingle lyrics were added. Tom Waits was unaware of this so was unable to ste p in and terminate the dealings. Although, having no authorship of the copyright, it is questionable as to whether or not this would have had any sway in the proceedings at all. (Jacobs, 2000) Similarly, in Bette Midler’s case, like Waits, Midler was not the owner of the copyright.She did not write the song nor did she pen the lyrics. Ford Co. bought the rights the song â€Å"Do You Want To Dance† from the publishing company that had ownership over the copyright. This meant that Ford had no obligation to contact Bette Midler with regards to their intentions to use the song for their commercial. (Lurie, 1994) Since Midler had no ownership rights, the defense argued that her â€Å"voice misappropriation† was preempted by the copyright act. However, this was rejected as they found that copyright cannot be preempted if the subject matter â€Å"does not come within the subject matter of copyright†¦.. ncluding works or authorship not fixed in any tangible medium of expression. † (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) It was decided that, since it was not possible to copyright a particular sound (like that of the guitar tone), the voice was not suitable copyright subject matter. Thus, copyright preemption did not apply. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) Although the court ruled in favor of the defendant, Midler’s case of â€Å"voice misappropriation† raised the question of a celebrity’s right to control over their identity, with respect to commercial use. This ambiguity was vital to the outcome of Waits lawsuit only three years later. Lurie, 1994) The copyright preemption issue in Midler’s case was referred to in Waits Vs Frito Lay. The defense requested that, since Tom Waits was not the lawful owner of the music copyright, the preemption of copyright law did not apply in this instance as it had with Midler. Waits case was not for infringement of a tangible copyrightable piece of work, but for infringement of voice. Again , voices are merely sounds; and sounds are not protected by copyright law. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) Despite this, the defense argued that, even though they had copied Waits musical style, they did not imitate his voice.This was found to be untrue, however. It transpired that Tracy-Locke’s executive producer was quite concerned with the legal implications of their singer’s striking similarity to Waits’ voice. He requested that they record another version of the jingle asking the singer to sing less like Waits. Unhappy with the result, Frito Lay insisted they use first version. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) On the day that the commercial was due to air, Tracy Locke’s managing vice president spoke with their attorney regarding what legal issues they might encounter.He was advised that there was a strong possibility of legal ramification due to recent case law that recognized a distinctive voice as protectable. However, as style was not protectable, their attorney informed them that the case might hold no merit. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) Despite the warning, Frito Lay chose the version that imitated Tom Waits’ distinctive voice. It was proposed that the jury be given a proposed instruction on the distinction between voice and style which read, â€Å"In contemporary music, there are a great many styles or â€Å"sounds,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Style is not subject to ownership.No singer can appropriate for himself any style and exclude others from performing in the same style. Any singer is free to sing in the same style. † (UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) This instruction was rejected by the district court. Given that there were a lot of similarities between this case and Midler’s â€Å"voice-misappropriation† case, the jury was asked to decide whether or not they found Waits’ style to be distinctive. The defense argued that the omitted instruction was an error in judgment as this then left the jury unc lear as to what the distinction was between voice and style. (UMKC School of Law, n. d. Waits argued that although no copyright infringement had occurred, he felt his artistic integrity had been compromised. It was put forth that anyone had heard the advertisement would automatically assume that it was Waits singing. Waits has strongly spoken out about artists taking money to allow their music to be used to sell product. He felt that, as the Doritos advertisement jingle sounded identical to his voice and musical style, that his fans would assume he participated in the advertisement and had willing endorsed the product. This, he asserted, was damaging to his reputation and his career as an artist. UMKC School of Law, n. d. ) The jury then listened to several of Tom Waits songs to determine both his musical and vocal style. The court then played them the Doritos advertisement in question for comparison. To convince them further, Waits attorneys had them hear testimonies from people wh o had in fact thought that it was Waits in the advertisement. (Roesler, 1992) This argument was persuasive enough to sway the jury. They were convinced when they heard to advertisement and the testimonies that, despite the fact that no copyrightable material had been infringed upon, Waits’ artistic integrity had been compromised.The jury found that the defendants had â€Å"acted with oppression, fraud or malice† (Roesler, 1992, p. 15). Tom Waits was awarded 2. 6 million dollars in compensatory damages and attorney’s fees. Conclusion In conclusion, we can see from the above cases that copyright is a bastion for musical artists. They help to protect an artist’s right to their work and a right to their form of expression from being exploited by large companies and advertising agencies who can sometimes try to profit from their work.Although, as they are vital to protecting an artist’s creative work, we can also seen from the cases studied that they ca n protect much more than that. Technically, in the eyes of the law, only a tangible body of work can by protected by these rights. However, as this study has shown, in certain rare cases, these rights can be manipulated to encompass, not only an artist’s work, but their identity, persona and artistic integrity when exploited.As made evident by the unusual Tom Waits lawsuit, it seems that advertising companies in particular must wade carefully when wishing to use unlicensed music for commercials. As their sole intention is for making money, they can be looked at very callously by court jury. Thus, certain unscrupulous can land in a lot of trouble despite not infringing on a copyrighted piece of work. Although situations such as this are quite unusual, they highlight the importance of copyright law within the music industry. References Graff, G & Durchholz, D 1998, Musichound Rock: The Essential Album Guide. Visible Ink, Detroit * Jacobs, J. A 2000, â€Å"Copyright: Tom waits Vs Frito Lay†, viewed 04 January 2013, < www. tomwaitsfan. com/tom%20waits%20library/www. tomwaitslibrary. com/copyright-fritolay. html> * Los Angeles Times (1989), Bette Midler Loses Ford Sound-Alike Lawsuit : Celebrity: $10-million suit over TV car commercial is dismissed but action against the ad agency is allowed to stand, viewed 06 January 2013, http://articles. atimes. com/1989-10-27/business/fi-901_1_bette-midler * Lurie, K. (1994) Waits v. Frito-Lay: The Song Remains the Same.. Cardozo Arts & Ent. LJ, 13, 187. , Available at: http://heinonline. org/HOL/LandingPage? collection=journals&handle=hein. journals/caelj13&div=26&id=&page= [Accessed: 6th January 2013]. * Neff, F. 2012, â€Å"Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000; Introduction to Copyright Overview And Originality in Copyright†, * Neff, F. 012, â€Å"Authorship and Ownership of Copyright; Copyright and Related Acts 2000 Sections 21 to 23†, * Roesler, M. (1992) Waits v. Frito Lay,. 978 F. 2d 1093 (9 th Cir. 1992), Available at: http://www. markroesler. com/pdf/caselaw/Waits%20v. %20Frito-Lay%20Inc. %20_1992_. pdf [Accessed: 6th January 2013] * University of Missouri Kanas City School of Law (1992) Waits v. Frito Lay, Inc. United States Court Of Appeals For The Ninth Circuit, Available at: http://law2. umkc. edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/communications/waits. html [Accessed: 4th January 2013].

Raising children Essay

Raising children in this country is extremely harsh, many children are introduced to abuse, violence, neglect and exporiation. During the years of war, hundreds of children have been used as suicide bombers and are daily put in harms way. According to Swanson (Swanson & Swanson,2011) â€Å"Conflict and political violence force millions of children and their families to flee their homes and as a result displaced families spend years in situations of uncertaniity and insecurity.† Role of genders In this country, discrimination of women and girls is a daily occurrence. During their childhood years 70% of girls do not even attend school, according to Swanson (Swanson & Swanson, 2011) a staggering 94% of female births are not even registered at their births. Boys are considered to be soldiers and at a young age are taught to kill. Afghan men believe all boys even at a young age are already considered to have a promiscuous nature and are encouraged to act on it. Marriage Marriage in this country is a process, most men and women do not have an opportunity to meet each other, the wife is usually chosen for the man through family members. In the case that a man does choose a wife from an unknown family, the parents usually will perform background checks on her to try and gain knowledge of her beauty, morals and any other family affairs  that may be of importance. (Muzaffiray,2013) Aging The average life expectancy in this country its 59 years for men and only 61 years for women. This expectancy average comes from taking into consideration their way of life in regards to housing, their food, housing and medical attention. Due to this expectancy, the government does not even offer a pension plan for those not working for the government. Violence For years violence has been an ongoing issue in this country, A group calling themselves a â€Å"special envoy† believes in honor killings which gives men the human right to abuse women and is considered justified. This group has raised the percentage in deaths and injuries by 20%. Boys are taught to be soldiers at a very young age are expected to be a cause of violence against others. Drug use According to Ahmed (Ahmend, 2013) between the years of 2005-2008 the use of drugs according tho the United Nations Office on drugs and crime has raised more than 40%. Afgans are considered to have huge addiction problem on their hands, some even considere Afghanistan to have a growing army of drug addicts. Suicide As one may expect, suicide is a huge problem in this country. Many people are trainied to be sucide bombers. However, there are those that commit suicide for other reasons such as not being able to take their way of living anymore, some women take their own lives due to not being able to handle being married to abusive drug addicted husbands. Men take their own lives simply due to not wanting to go on anymore. Authority Afghanistan has been for years a country struggling with authority issues. These struggles date back to the 16th century of the Mughal Empire and continues with the Taliban today. These historic struggles are responsible of the changing nature of political authority in this volatile region of our world. There have been many attempts from other groups to try and â€Å"conquer† the land but have to this day failed on all attempts. Beauty According to the Guardian, (the guardian.com) many people are only able to see the harsh, violent side of this country through news reports and other television shows, and do not have the chance to see its beauty. If one is able to visit this country, they could hopefully see past the negative and view the God’s beauty in country in landscapes and beautiful mountain tops.

How do the Montagues and Capulets react to loss in Romeo and Juliet? Essay

Throughout Romeo and Juliet loss is abound, making the text relatable for modern and contemporary audiences. Loss is an ineluctable part of human life allowing audiences from any era to be able to sympathise with the characters and connect with them. Many people share the view that lord Capulet cared little for his daughter, not unusual In Elizabethan times, but I feel there is much evidence to the contrary, lord Capulet, loved his â€Å"only child†, Juliet. PROLOGUE Juliet’s supposed death evoked intense feeling of grief and guilt, clearly shown in the successful use of alliteration. Capulet is overwhelmed by grief, exclaiming â€Å"O child, O child! My soul and not my child!†. Throughout the text â€Å"O† is used to express characters grief. Capulet use of the repetition of â€Å"O† Portrays his shock to Juliet’s death and the grief he feels over it. Shakespeare uses â€Å"O† numerous times to express grief because it can portrayed differently by each actor depending on their interpretation of the character. In Capulets case either the actor thinks he is truly grieving over the death of his â€Å"only child† or he is exaggerating his reaction due to the presence of Paris. It can be interpreted this way because Capulet doesn’t use â€Å"O† when talking about his loss until Paris enters. As soon as Paris sees Juliet he immediately exclaims â€Å"O love! O life!†, Capulet then needs to outdo his reaction so that his love for Juliet is not questioned. Capulet is merely a misunderstood father as he truly grieves the death of his daughter although he neglects to show it to Juliet and the audience before her death. (effect on the audience) In Juliet’s â€Å"death† Capulet used a lot of imagery which serves to portray his emotions. He refers to her as the â€Å"sweetest flower† creating the image of how beautiful Juliet was. However as â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† is a play the audience would have already seen Juliet so it portrays his inner feelings. To Capulet Juliet was the prettiest and â€Å"sweetest† woman. Afterwards he says â€Å"she was a flower deflowered by him†. He no longer feels Juliet is his â€Å"flower† because death has tainted her and took it away, it has â€Å"deflowered† Juliet. Juliet is far too young to die in the night, arousing Capulets  suspicions that Juliet may have been involved. Thus, she is no longer his â€Å"flower† as she betrayed his trust as she is now unable to marry Paris. Capulet was extremely egar for Paris and Juliet to get married and even referred to it is as â€Å"our† wedding. The marriage to a relative of the prince would raise the social standing of the Capulets and hopefully remove them from the watchful eye of the prince. This is dramatic irony because the audience knows Juliet and Paris will never wed because then the Montagues and Capulets won’t be â€Å"alike in dignity† as the Capulets will be valued higher than the Montagues. Upon learning of Juliet’s death lord Capulet acknowledges his mistake of pushing her to marry Paris, insisting the feud cease. Lord Capulet immediately pleads to Montague, â€Å"O brother Montague, give thy hand. This is my daughter’s jointure, for no more can I demand†. Lord Capulet refers to Juliet’s â€Å"jointure† as being her death bed, voicing his regret and guilt for forcing her to marry Paris; he now understands why Juliet didn’t want to marry him. A jointure is something a woman agrees on in consideration of marriage, by calling Juliet’s death her jointure he admits that he wanted Juliet to marry Paris for reasons other than love. However this was common in Elizabethan times which is why they would sympathise with him unlike today’s audience who would not as arranged marriages are not a supported or common aspect in society. The acknowledgement of Montague as Capulets â€Å"brother† infers that he is aware of the marriage between Romeo and Juliet. When Capulet talks about the â€Å"jointure† he is thinking about his son in law, Romeo. Therefore, in order to honour Juliet he ends the feud between the families as he knows this is the only â€Å"jointure† that would have pleased Juliet. This shows evolution of character as he’s ended an â€Å"ancient† feud due to his grief over the loss of his daughter. In act 1 Capulet refers to Romeo as â€Å"a virtuous and well governed youth† supporting the idea that if he had known, Capulet would have approved the wedding between Romeo and Juliet. Thus, if Juliet had told him she could have lived a fulfilling life with Romeo. However as this play is a tragedy it requires the hero to die a tragic death due the (can’t remember the word) (Mercutio’s death), foreshadowing that this would never happen. On  the other hand he could call his former enemy â€Å"brother Montague† because he is suffering the same sorrow for the death of his only child thus, they are brothers in sorrow. Death lies on her like an untimely frost Upon the sweetest flower of all the field. (31-32) Visual lightness and darkness within the scene corresponds to the image of life and death facing Juliet. MY GRAVE IS LIKE MY WEDDING BED-FORESHADOWING Dead art thou! Alack, my child is dead, And with my child my joys are buried. hy camest thou now To murder, murder our solemnity?

MGMT 459 Organizational Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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1. Building Shared Values, 2. Values in Organisations Assignment

1. Building Shared Values, 2. Values in Organisations - Assignment Example Every organizational leader must be responsible in ensuring that an organization achieves its value within a dynamic environment in a timely manner that is beneficial to both the society and the company itself (Fleisher& Blenkhorn, 2003). Therefore, several strategies have been designed to match the values with the organizational requirements towards the realization of better returns. The main strategies are as follows Integration is the first step in building share value to the organization. It entails addressing the concern about the need for value based organization, the expected benefits and what is required of the organizational leaders to build up such values (Fleisher& Blenkhorn, 2003). According to the concept of integration, organizational values should commence on changing the society into the organizational concepts for a clear transition of both material and freedom values. As a human resource manager, one should consider incorporating organizational culture and values through the transition system because it helps in reinforcing the security customs (Viinamà ¤ki, 2012). The above stage calls for a critical understanding of the organizational culture as an important source of the organizational ethics thus the need to endorse good morals into the organizational. Since culture and values are distinct concepts, human resource manager is, therefore, responsible for modeling the behavior of the members through provision of policies and practices that reinforces trust towards the organizational success. The above strategy requires leaders to demonstrate values and morals as part of the organizational commitment (Viinamà ¤ki, 2012, Shockley et al. 2010)). Majority of the organizational leaders’ tend to view the value rhetorically and with very minimal factual consideration. With respect to the above, leaders should

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Development Topic Analysis - Essay Example In addition, Iraq is on record as the first oil producing country to nationalize part of its oil reserves in 1961. The Iraq National Oil Company has made significant contributions in the formulation of international oil policies and it is expected to contribute more if there will be political stability in Iraq (Alnasrawi 7). Iraq’s oil production is estimated to be over 2.1 million barrels per day (bpd). This production is roughly 2.5% of the total oil supplied around the world. Going back to the trend of Iraq’s oil production, statistics indicate that Iraq produced an estimate of 4 million bpd in 1979, which placed it third after Iran and Saudi Arabia. Before the Iraqis invasion of Kuwait, Iraq’s oil production averaged 3.5 million bpd. This production began to reduce in the 1990s after the Gulf war and after the introduction of international sanctions against Baghdad. By the time the US was invading Iraq in March of 2003, Iraq’s oil production averaged 2.6 million bpd (Alnasrawi 13). After the US invasion, production of oil in Iraq has declined remarkably to estimates of 1.5 million bpd in 2003, 2.00 million bpd in 2004, and in 2005, oil production was 1.8 million bpd. In 2006, oil production averaged 2.06 million bpd; this was below the government’s target of 2.5 million bpd. Despite the increased global oil prices, Iraq has managed to meet its budget estimates (Gordon 1-70). It is evident that Iraq’s oil market has suffered a lot in the last three decades. Experts point out that declines in Iraq’s oil production in the last five years is due to poor management on oil reservoirs. In addition, these declines are as a result of poor maintenance of pipelines, pumping stations, and other infrastructure. A situation of political instability in Iraq may be associated to problems facing Iraq’s oil market. Since 2003, there has been remarkably less development on potential oil reserves, which implies that there is the lack of new oil

What did the French Revolution achieve for the bourgeoisie in terms of Essay

What did the French Revolution achieve for the bourgeoisie in terms of liberty - Essay Example The aristocratic revolt of 1787 to 1789 happened at a time when members of the Third Estate were an oppressed group. They considered themselves discriminated in terms of the political, legal, and social perspectives. Though he seldom did so, the king could give lettres du cachet on his opponents in politics and imprison them without trying them. The feudal overlords compelled peasants to abandon their homes and fulfil the hated corvee, a form of unpaid labor. The ecclesiastical and seigniorial courts imposed the death penalty on the less privileged without allowing them the right to appeal. As such, torture was a common activity during that time, and it targeted the less privileged. The desire for change drove the people to revolt against aristocratic leadership with all forms of persecutions. The first was liberty from over taxation at the expense of the rich. Before the revolution, the tax systems spared the wealthy members of the society and left out the rich. Such an idea gave the weak hints that the power regime treated them unfairly (Jones 154). Soon after the revolt, all people became equal before the law. Another factor is the consideration that job opportunities were available to all individuals based on merit and not according to class. Initially, there existed a system where only the affluent class could secure job opportunities. It, therefore, means that the feelings of discrimination that formerly existed started to fade away. There was also an abolishment of the old feudal system of governance, and a more flexible system replaced it. The clergy and the aristocracy ceased being the most prominent in the society as they had initially enjoyed. Instead, the bourgeoisie assumed the position of the most influential group of people in France. The system of governan ce became a basis of democracy in many other countries who copied from France

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Analysis of Medical Errors - Research Paper Example   The issue is heavily laden with the emotional and fiscal burden as patients must be aware of their treatment progress and any mistakes that have been made while hospitals and doctors have a very real need to protect themselves from lawsuits and protect their credibility. At the same time, it is difficult for many doctors to have to face the fact that in the course of attempting to improve health, they may have inadvertently made it worse and then to try to communicate this failing to the patients who have trusted them. While it seems the greatest opinion among medical workers is that patients should be informed whenever mistakes have been made, the reality is that the medical profession has a large tendency to hide mistakes when possible so as to avoid unpleasantness.  Ã‚   In â€Å"Disclosing Medical Errors to Patients, †1 the authors point out the prevalence of avoidable error or ‘adverse events’ within the medical profession as being relatively high – 37 percent of the discovered cases in a Canadian study preventable. In response to this, â€Å"leaders in the patient-safety movement have called for the system defects that underlie most errors to be corrected, as well as improvement in the recognition and reporting of errors and the disclosure of harmful errors to patients and their families.†2 Benefits of full disclosure are outlined, such as patients having greater knowledge about their own treatment  and thus able to make more informed decisions and patients’ ability to participate in problem-solving techniques to prevent future errors from occurring again.  Ã‚  However, the article also points out the difficulty doctors have had in providing full disclosure.  Ã‚  

The Quaternary period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Quaternary period - Essay Example 1). In order to accurately gauge the occurrences of the past in preparation for the future, it is necessary to establish a system or a scale of timing of these occurrences. In addition to knowledge of all the operations of the earth, having in mind a specific (or even general) idea of the time that it takes for events to occur gives historians, scientists, and even the man in the street an idea not only of the future impact of actions done today, but also when to expect those effects to materialize. Because of this, many scientists have worked hard at developing different techniques to date the past. Techniques have developed over the years, from those that rely on myth to ones that rely on scientific evidence. The general trend of these techniques as the were developed was to posit an older and older earth. The time for the beginning of the earth was at first "estimated" at about 4 ka BP (Walker, p. 2); now there's evidence of its beginning approximately 15 ba BP (Greene, 2003, p. 347) . Though no one technique is conclusive, they counterbalance each other to produce a general timescale concerning the evolution of the earth., These techniques have proved useful in examining the evidence for the geological and climactic activity of the earth during the Late Glacial and Early/Holocene era, and the possibilities for human activity resulting from it. Modern Quaternary science began when Louis Agassiz posited the former existence of a "Great Ice Period" (Walker, p. 3). Later, when scholars got accustomed to the Ice-Period idea, Albrecht Penck of Germany attempted to "estimate the duration of interglacial periods" by measuring the "depth of weathering and 'intensity of erosion' in the northern Alpine region of Europe" (p. 3). Other attempts at gauging the length of periods in the Quaternary include the analysis of laminae, which give evidence about the types of activity of the soil and its vegetation through the analysis of layers of sedimentation in the earth's crust. In this study, this technique is used to analyze the layers of soil existing in the British Isles and make conjectures about what sort of climate or geological occurrence produced them. Looking at the size of the layers also gives an idea of the duration of each phase and sheds light on probable oscillations within each phase. Dendrochronology was developed during the early part of the twentieth century, which uses the analysis (counting) of tree rings to gauge the age of a tree and by extension the age of a period. This kind of measurement is useful in establishing the age of civilizations. This works because "trees within a small region often share the same experiences of good and bad years, with resulting patterns of wide and narrow rings that can be matched from tree to tree, from living trees to dead trees, and even to timber, charcoal, etc., used by human beings" (Calder, 1984, p. 224). Because trees also show, from their rings, the type of weather experienced in a given year, tree-ring analysis has been applied here to the study of the climates experienced during the Holocene epoch. This technique is called dendroclimatology (Walker, p. 3). Tree-ring analysis, though able to give only a comparatively short view into the past, is useful in this study, as the entire Holocene epoch lies just within its range. With the advent of radio-carbon dating came a very important tool in the

Bill Gates Speech Essay Example for Free

Bill Gates Speech Essay William B. Gates, also known as Bill Gates was welcomed on October 28th, 1955 by his father William Gates II and his mother Mary Gates. Gates attended a public school and also the private Lakeside School. There, he discovered his interest in software and began programming computers at age 13. Today I would like to inform you about William B. Gates the founder of Microsoft, his life before Microsoft, his career, and his accomplishments. As a child, Bill Gates was very competitive, curious and a deep thinker, that is when his parents decided to enroll him in the private preparation school lakeside, where he soon excelled. Bill Gates was surrounded by historical events at a young age, like when Apolo eleven took men to the moon, this event inspired him because a huge computer was involved. When Bill Gates was in high school he would spend hours upon hours in the computer room. He graduated in 1973 from Lakeside and was accepted by the prestigious university of Harvard, where he had no definite career plan. He loved to stay up all day and night, he spent more time in the computer lab then he did in the classroom, that was his true craze. Soon he met Steve Balmer, who lived down the hall from him at Harvard. Balmer is now Microsoft’s chief executive officer. While at Harvard Gates developed a programing language called BASIC, for the first microcomputer. In his junior year gates left Harvard to devote his energies to Microsoft, a company he begun in 1975 with his childhood friend Paul Alan. His belief was the computer would be a valuable tool on every office desk and in every home. So they began developing software for personal computers. Gates foresight and vision was the success of Microsoft and the software industry. Under gates leadership Microsoft’s mission has been to improve software technology and to make it easier, cost effective and more enjoyable for people to use computers. In 1999 gates wrote business @ the speed of thought, the book was published in 25 languages and available in more than 60 countries. Was on the bestseller list of new york times, USA today, the wall street journal and amazon. com. Gates has donated the proceeds of the book to a nonprofit organization that support the use of technology and education and skills development. William Bill Gates is chairman of Microsoft Corporation the world wide leader in software, services and solutions that help people and buisnesses realizes their full potential. In 2008 Bill Gates transitioned out of a day to day role in the company to spend more time on his global health and education work at the Bill and Malinda Gates foundation. Gates Continues to serve as Microsoft s chairman and advisor on key development projects. In conclusion William B. Gates is considered a role model to many people, in many different ways. He has many accomplishments that have made him into the successful businessman he is today. Bill gates changed the way the world operates and functions, he made life easier for humans to live in. In 4 seconds he earns $250, in 24 hours he earns 20 million, and in a year he earns 7. 8 billion dollars. All this due to his co-founding the multi-billion dollar company that is Microsoft today. And as bill gates once said â€Å" be nice to nerds, because youll probably be working for one. †

A Survey on Mobile Users Data Privacy Threats

A Survey on Mobile Users Data Privacy Threats ABC EFG1 , ABC EFG2* and ABC EFG3 4. Security Challenges for Mobile Devices Mobile device applications offer a level of convenience that the world has never think before it. Everywhere (home. Office, hotel, playground, road, parking, picture palace, travelling in different countries or each place of world) any mobile user can use applications to fulfil their daily needs like communicate, buy, search, payment, sell, entertainment, find general information of their use. This extreme level of comfort has brought with it an extreme number of security risks. Below describing some mobile device challenges, how the vulnerabilities and attackers reducing mobile applications freedom. 4.1 Insecure Data Storage It can result in data loss for a user, after losing mobile devices an application is improperly secured and all user at risk. Some common piece of data store at high risk like personal information (Name, Address, Date of Birth, Banking information, Family information, Family picture, Social networking address, email address) ,working information (company name, working position, related some application, company contact numbers and official documents if any available). 4.2Physical Security Physical security of any mobile devices is too difficult, but when mobile users are constantly using mobile devices, which is in always for 24x7x365 and user lose his mobile device then the task becomes seemingly impossible. Intentionally physical security is most concern for risk free mobile devices. If a person lost and misplaced or theft their mobile devices so it may be misuse users sensitive data, personnel information, email correspondence , any unsecured documents, address books, business data and files by the thief . 4.3 Mobile Browsing Mobile browsing is the best feature for any mobile devices for providing best use of internet application but mostly in mobile devices user cannot see the whole URL or web address, least verify whether the web address or URL safe or not and user reach (browse) their way into a phishing related attack. 4.4 Multiple User Logging Due to progressive growth of social media Single sign-on (SSO) in the mobile application ecosystem it is estimated 60% of mobile application insecure by using same login to multiple social networking application. Hackers who got login credentials for website or apps twitter , Facebook can possibly gain access to users profile page. Outmost use of social media single sign-on (SSO) is actually to facilitate social interaction at same time the developer also gain access to some of social information related to sign in user. 4.5Client Side Injection The execution of malicious programs on the mobile devices over the internet medium by application or web browsing client side injection occurs. Html injection ,SQL injection or other newer attack(abusing phone dialer, SMS ) comes in the client side injection. Hackers could load text based attack and exploit targeted examiner. In this way any source of data can be injected including resource targeted files or application 4.6 Application Isolation Mobile application is just about everything from transaction, business ,personnel and social networking. Before installing any application in your mobile devices clearly see the permission agreement, privacy and how to access your device with that application. It might be any application theft user sensitive data ,financial data, business data ,personnel data and other valuable file. 4.7 Mobile Device Coding Issues In an application development it always happen some honest mistakes, unintentionally creating security vulnerabilities with poor coding efforts. It also happen for bad implementation of encrypted channels for data transmission or improper password protection. In this way every development process can have some vulnerability in the coding of mobile application or other application. Every developer cannot ignore this but needs to maintain proper coding so mobile application reach high security aspect. 4.8  System Updates In a mobile device everybody wants latest version of application for using efficiently so venders always keen to provide latest update and patches designing to fix security issues for better use of application. But in this process other threats (hackers) mixed bad code with real application and provide to install application. It may affect mobile device but user doesnt know why its happening. It is big drawback and commercial attack to application and venders. 4.9 Serious Threats in New Features For mobile devices, newly added features and updates application are serious risk too. Every venders are making their own application related to their mobile operating system and giving new look, new features. Its comparison among that venders to defeat in the market so making related application and releasing some vulnerabilities for chasing market. So user should enquire first then use newly features so security remain consist in the mobile devices. 4.10 Sensitive Information Disclosure Its trend that mobile user use their mobile in brad area like login credentials, shared secret keys, sensitive business logic , access token, application code etc. it is also possible these information being disclosed to an attacker by different technology. It should be remain consist security in sensitive information disclosure in mobile devices. 4.11 Improper Session Handling For mobile devices, session handling is identified security concern for web application. Improper session handling indications to vulnerabilities that are pretty common in using internet applications over any platform like mobile devices or PCs. Session with long expiry time invite vulnerabilities in any case of using financial work. Poor session management can clues to unauthorized access through session hijacking in mobile devices. 4.12 Security Decisions from untrusted responses For mobile devices, Some operating system like Android and iOS platform, some applications like as Skype may not continuously appeal consent from outside parties, it gives privilege for attackers that may occur in malicious application avoiding security. For this way, applications are vulnerable to data leakages and client-side injection. Always need for supplementary authorization or provide supplementary ladders to launch sensitive applications when supplementary authorization is not promising. 4.13 Weak Authentication and Brute force attack Its often seen many applications today rely on password based authentication, single factor. The owners of application do not enforce for strong password and securing valuable credentials. In that case user expose themselves to host of threats, stolen credentials and automated Brute force attacks (Brute force attack means systematically checking all possible password or keys until find exact one). 5. Mobile Threats and Vulnerabilities This section provides a comprehensive overview of mobile threats and vulnerabilities, cyber criminals have focused their consideration to mobile devices nowadays [1]. Mobile devices are using many useful applications in the internet medium so it’s a prime target for the attackers or hackers to destroy security mechanism and spread threats vulnerabilities. The distance between hacker capabilities and an organizations protection is widening day by day. These tendency underline the need for additional mobile device security awareness, as well as more stringent, better integrated mobile security solutions and policies. 5.1 Mobile Threats Threats and attacks that proved magnificently on personnel computer are now being tested on unsuspecting mobile device user to see what works and with the number of mobile devices with protection increasing, there are adequately of easy targets. Attackers are definitely penetrating after the weakest point in chain and then improving in on the most successful scams. Mobile attacks are basically divided into four categories and listed below- Physical threats Application based threats Network based threats Web based threats Physical Threats Mobile devices are designed (portable) to proper use in the daily lives, and its physical security is an important deliberation [4]. Below describing some physical threats Bluetooth Lost or Stolen Mobile Devices Computing Resources Internet Access Application Based Threats Spyware Malware Vulnerable Application Privacy Threats Network Based Threats Denial of service Attack (DoS) Network Exploits Mobile Network Services Wi-Fi Sniffing Web Based Threats Drive by Downloads Browser Exploits Phishing Scams 5.2 Mobile Vulnerabilities Rootkit Worm Trojan Horse Botnet 6. Solutions and Precautions For Mobile Devices 7. Conclusions and Future Work Acknowledgements The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for its funding of this research through the Research Group Project no. ABCDEFGH. References A Survey on Security for Mobile Devices, La Polla, M. ; Martinelli, F. ; Sgandurra, D. Communications Surveys Tutorials, IEEE ,Volume: 15, Issue: 1,Publication Year: 2013 , Page(s): 446 471 M. Hypponen, â€Å"Malware Goes Mobile,† Scientific American, vol. 295,no. 5, pp. 46–53, 2006. Reviews on Cybercrime Affecting Portable Devices, Seyedmostafa Safavi, Zarina Shukur, Rozilawati Razali, The 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics(ICEEI 2013) Mobile Devices Security: A Survey on Mobile Device Threats, Vulnerabilities and their Defensive Mechanism, Shujithra. M, Pasdmavati. G, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975-8887) Volume 56-No.14, October 2012

Study On Managing Organizational Change Management Essay

Study On Managing Organizational Change Management Essay 1.1 Introduction According to the Future Administrative systems Team (University of Houston, 2004), managing change is a systematic process of taking into account the global conditions affecting an organization, as well as specific conditions in the organization. The change management methodology examines the current environment with respect to organization culture, communication, organization design, job design, infrastructure, personnel, skills and knowledge, people/machine interfaces, and incentive systems. Organizations are defined as systems comprising elements of formal organizational management and operations as well as elements of more informal aspects of organizational life (Senior and Fleming 2006). Several definitions of organizational change have been presented over the years, For example, Burnes (1996)  suggests that organizational change means the understanding of alterations within organizations at the broadest level among individuals, groups, and at the collective level across the entire organization. Managing change requires Methods and processes that assist individuals in adjusting constructively to new systems, procedures, processes, workflow, organizational relationships and other differences as they occur. Three important factors are acknowledged in the above definitions of change management the organizations culture, the people and communication. Managing change and liaising with stakeholders in order to perform change are integral parts of good staff and project management, but change is never easy to manage. The adoption and implementation of a new system will bring about change to any organization. Sometimes the changes required by an organization are likely to have incited the acquisition of the new system. Adoption of a new system can support a changed approach, but the system itself is not regarded as the change. The organization has to be prepared for the change in order not to be seen as the cause of the change thus preventing resentment and resistance which may lead to the failure of the system implementation. An example of this is the implementation of a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) and Managed Learning Environment (MLE) in a university. Such environments are always part of an institutional strategy about learning and sharing knowledge, but a university cannot be converted to a different type of learning organization simply by implementing a VLE or MLE. The implementation of system projects must run in tandem with change projects. However, putting the responsibility on the implementers of the system is likely to result in the failure of the project. In the context of a system implementation, change management will require an institution to anticipate, prepare for, manage and undergo major organizational change from one state to a newer state. The change can be represented by: -The legacy system to the replacement system; -One organizational mission to extended institutional pursuits; -One infrastructure and set of skills to a different make-up; -Old business processes to new trading methods; -Decentralized ways of working to centralized functions; -One set of values to an adjusted collection of principles and standards; and/or -A known management approach to other styles of governance. Almost all people are nervous about change. Many will resist it consciously or subconsciously. Sometimes those fears are well founded the change really will have a negative impact for them. In many cases, however, the target population for the change will come to realize that the change was for the better (reference) The pace of change is ever increasing particularly with the advent of the Internet and the rapid deployment of new technologies, new ways of doing business and new ways of conducting ones life. Organizational Change Management seeks to understand the sentiments of the target population and work with them to promote efficient delivery of the change and enthusiastic support for its results. D.C. Brandenburg and C.V. Binder (1992) suggests that managing change requires Methods and processes that assist individuals in adjusting constructively to new systems, procedures, processes, workflow, organizational relationships and other differences as they occur. There are two related aspects of organizational change that are often confused. In Organizational Change Management we are concerned with winning the hearts and minds of the participants and the target population to bring about changed behaviour and culture. The key skills required are founded in business psychology and require people people. Organizational Design may be a specific objective of the project, for example where there is to be a reduction in the workforce, or it may just be a consequence of the changed business processes and technology. Organizational Change Management issues are often under-estimated or ignored entirely. Typically, the concept of organizational change is in regard to organization-wide change, as opposed to smaller changes such as adding a new person, modifying a program, etc. instances of firm-wide change might include a change in mission, restructuring operations (restructuring to self-managed teams, layoffs), new technologies, mergers, major collaborations, new programs such as Total Quality Management, re-engineering, etc. 2.0 Organisational Change and Transitions There are two approaches to organizational change, namely: Hard systems model for change Soft systems model for change The hard systems model for change (HSMC) definition of an organization is a stable, formal structure that takes resources from the environment and processes them to produce outputs (Laudon and Laudon, 2000) while the soft system model for change (SSMC) regard an organization as a collection of rights, privileges, obligations and responsibilities that are delicately balanced over time through conflict and conflict resolution (Laudon and Laudon, 2000). 2.1 Hard Systems Model for Change (HSMC) This approach has identified some classical schools. The classical school is a management perspective that emerged during the 19th and early 20th centuries that emphasized a rational, scientific approach to the study of management and sought to make organizations efficient operating machines (Daft, 2008). Some of the key players in the classical school include Frederick Taylor (1856-1915) who proposed the scientific management- a systematic method of determining the best way of getting a job done and specifying the skills needed to do it as well as the machine theory which dismissed the psychological aspects of behaviour because workers were regarded more like machines. The two methods had a clear division of tasks and responsibilities between workers and management. The scientific selection of people encouraged the selection of people with appropriate abilities to do newly designed job. Another major player was Henry, L. Gantt who developed the Gant chart used to measure planned and completed tasks at each stage of production. A good classical school is the Fordism. This involves the application of scientific management principles to workers jobs, installation of single purpose machine tools and assembly line with provision mass production and systems and control units. Other key players include Weber who identified bureaucracy as a legal rational type of authority and Fayol who listed planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling as the five basic management functions in administration. 2.2 Soft Systems Model for Change (SSMC) This approach has identified the problems with organizations, namely: Highly complex multi-dimensional have problems that are difficult to locate and define Need total solutions. Problems with organization can either be resolved, solved and dissolved (Ackoff, 1993). According to Ackoff, to resolve a problem involves the selection of an action that yields an outcome that is good enough. This approach relies on the use of common sense and to some extent, trial and error. This often used by most managers in decision making and is also called the clinical approach in dealing with messes because it involves reaching a consensus by a group of people on how to resolve a problem. This approach keeps most people happy and on board with the change but lacks analytical rigour in its formation of the objectives, thus, does not indicate how far the objectives of the change have been met. To solve a problem involves eschewing the use of common sense and base decisions on quantitative models like the use of scientific models rather than qualitative models. This is also called the research approach to mess management as it is likely to be used by scientific or technologically inclined managers. From the fore-going, the two approaches mentioned are limited in their capacity to plan and implement change hence, the suggestion of a third approach called the concept of dissolving a problem. To dissolve a problem involves changing the nature and/or the environment of the entity in which it is embedded so as to remove the problem (Ackoff, 1993). This approach is also called the design approach because problem dissolvers in addition to using the methods of problem resolvers and solvers seek to redesign the characteristics of the larger system containing the problem like changing the organizational structure, culture and processes. Only a few managers use this method and these are those that have the principal objective of development rather than growth or survival and who recognize it. 3.0 The Organizational development Process This approach identifies the importance of the people that make up the organization. It identifies that people at all levels of the organization are individually and collectively the drivers and engines of change. The assumption is that people perform better when they have high quality of life and that workers that are under-utilized are capable of contributing towards the goal of the organization if given the opportunity of taking more responsibilities. Paton and McCalman (2008) identified three concepts with respect to managing people and gaining their commitment to work in an organization: Organizations are about people Management assumptions about people often lead to ineffective design of organizations and this hinders performance. People are the most important asset and their commitment goes a long way in determining effective organization design and development. Total Systems Intervention (TSI), developed by Flood and Jackson (1991), is a meta-methodology that brings together a range of systems metaphors, a framework of systems methodologies, and various systems approaches to enable creative problem solving. In a process of TSI, systems metaphors are used to encourage creative thinking about organisations and the issues confronting managers. The discipline of Organizational Development has evolved over the past fifty years or so. Both French and Bell, describe organizational development asa long-term effort, led and supported by top management, to improve an organizations visioning, empowerment, learning, and problem-solving processes, through an ongoing, collaborative management of organization culture-with special emphasis on the culture of intact work teams and other team configurations-using the consultant-facilitator role and the theory and technology of applied behavioral science, including action research. (French Bell, 1999, pp. 25-26) On a practical day-to-day level, we think of OD as an ongoing, thoughtfully planned effort by all members of an organization to improve how that organization operates, serves its stakeholders, fulfills its mission, and approaches its vision. What are more compelling than the definition of Organizational Development are the underlying and continuously evolving philosophy and values of the discipline 3.1 Lewins three phase model of change Lewin (1951) proposed an extensively referred literature on change. It consists of three phases: Unfreezing Moving Refreezing Unfreezing involves shaking up of peoples habits of thinking and behaviour in order to create their awareness for need for change. This implies the change of the status quo by strengthening or weakening the forces that could push or maintain the change (Cummings and Worley, 2009). This might involve the selective promotion of employees or termination of employment (Goodstein and Burke, 1993). A good example is the case of Pitford College in Shire County. A member of staff was promoted to director of open and resource based learning (ORBL) while others had their responsibilities changed from teaching the students to tutoring students working in self service types of learning environment. Part of the unfreezing process was the consultation with the head of departments and decision makers to discuss new developments which were seen as challenging the status quo on education. Moving is the second stage of the Lewis change process and it involves making the actual changes that will move the organization to a new state. This includes the establishment of new strategies and structures to new ways of doing things. For example, In the Shire County, the ORBL involved a series of seminars on concepts of ORBL for staff. In addition, Pitford Collge, one of the other two colleges in the County, large new ORBL centres were built with multimedia teaching and learning facilities. Lewins final phase in the change process is the refreezing and this involves stabilizing or institutionalizing the changes. This involves making sure that new changes are secured and prevented from back sliding and may even involve the recruitment of new staff that are untainted with the old habits. The continual involvement and support of top management is very crucial and essential at this stage. Once the changes have been made, it is also important to reinforce the changes with symbolic actions and signs such as change of logos, building designs, forms of dress, and ways of grouping people to get work done. It is essential to continually collect data and feedback to track the progress of the change and to monitor the further change in the light of environmental changes. According to Senge (1990)  learning organizations  exists where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are continually learning to see the whole together. The basic rationale for such organizations is that in situations of rapid change only those that are flexible, adaptive and productive will excel. For this to happen, it is argued, organizations need to discover how to tap peoples commitment and capacity to learn at all  levels

Free Handmaids Tale Essays: The Red Motif :: Handmaids Tale Essays

The Red Motif in The Handmaid's Tale In the dystopian novel "The Handmaid's Tale" written by Margaret Atwood, the recurrent appearance of the color red draws an interesting yet perverse parallel between femininity and violence. The dominant color of the novel, red is associated with all things female. However, red is also the color of blood; death and violence therefore are closely associated with women in this male-dominated ultraconservative government. We are first introduced to the color red when the narrator is describing how she gets dressed: "The red gloves are lying on the bed. Everything except the wings around my face is red; the color blood, which defines us." Here, we are unsure if Atwood is referring to blood as menstrual and feminine, or as the result of disobedience and the violence which results. The women of "Handmaid" are cloaked in red as a reminder of their fertility. However, in the context of Gilead, red is not just menstrual blood or blood resulting from birth; the red is a threat of death. Offred would later say, "I never looked good in red, It's not my color. "Red tulips are also a recurrent image in "The Handmaid's Tale." Tulips, often seen as llonic symbols in many works, can be interpreted this way also. Tulips are women, and red tulips are women cloaked in red, red blood. On page 12 Offred narrates: "The tulips are red, a darker crimson towards the stem, as if they have been cut and are beginning to heal there." If a deeper interpretation of this thought is warranted, I would think the place where the tulip meets the stem in the neck of the woman, and as the government came in and stripped them of all power they "cut off their heads" in a way by depriving them of money, reading materials, and any type of education. Tulips, like the cloaks, are symbols of violence against females in the perverse world of Gilead. A blatant use of red to relate women with violence can be seen on page 32: "But on one bag there's blood, which has seeped through the white cloth, where the mouth must have been. It makes another mouth, a small red one. . . This smile of blood is what fixes the attention finally." The men who are hanging are meant to scare, as Atwood clearly states, yet meant to scare who?

The Wright Brothers :: Essays Papers

The Wright Brothers A lot of important events of the past happened in Mexico. In 1810 Mexico was ruled by the Spanish viceroy, which was organized into the Spanish colony of New Spain. In 1812 Mexico is politically unstable. In 1846 Mexico loses one third of its territory to the United States during the Mexican War. In 1861 Benito Juarez becomes the president of Mexico. In 1877 Porfrio Diaz rules Mexico. In 1911 Diaz flees the country and Madero is elected president. In 1914 General Uenustians Carranja becomes the president of Mexico. In 1934 President Lazaro Cardinas nationalizes the industry of Mexico. In 1985 there was an earthquake in Mexico City and it kills 20,000 people. Last, in 1988 Carlos Salinas de Goortari is elected president of Mexico. Government The government in Mexico is somewhat the same to the government in the United States. The Formal Government contains the Republican Party with two legislative houses of the Chambers of Deputies. The Head of The State is the president, which was elected to 1 to 6 year terms. The Elected Officials are the President, the 12 senators, the 500 deputies, the 31 governors, the mayor of the Districts of Mexico City and the munical official. The Administrative Organizations are 31 states, each with a government, and the Federal District of Mexico City rolled by the federal government, also the munical councils administrated by the mayors. Last, the judiciary system in the Supreme Court, which is divided into 6 sub-courts. Traditions There are many traditions in Mexico. On February 5th the Mexicans celebrate Constitution Day. May 21st is President Benito Juarez’s birthday. May 8th is the Anniversary of Pueblo. September 16th is Independence Day. October 12th is Columbus Day. Another day that the Mexicans celebrate is on November 2nd and that’s the Day of the Dead. They celebrate all the people that died in the wars. On December 12th is the Day of Our Lady of Guadalupe. Mexican men wear hats called sombreros. Current Events There were four major current events that happened in Mexico. On April 2nd, 2000 Mexico got a wider phone connection. At first Washington D.C. said no to this but Mexico got it anyway. Now Telmex is Mexico’s biggest, local, long-distance phone company. It is also the largest Internet service. On April 4th the Mexico Supreme Court found out who killed the most famous T.V.

Injustice: Black People and Martin Luther King Essay

In a â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, Martin Luther King, Jr. said â€Å"injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† This means that if we let injustice happen, then this injustice will grow and start to affect good people. We cannot afford to ignore something bad happening in one place. If injustice occurs and no action is taken against this injustice, then people who hear about what happened might think this injustice is acceptable, and continue being unfair. In â€Å"Justice & Injustice† Eloy Ponce says, â€Å"if we allow injustices to be committed against other people, those injustices too, could soon be committed against us.† Ponce’s idea interested me because it is also a true statement. If we let injustice happen, the injustice will be committed against us. When there was segregation, most white people didn’t do anything to help the African Americans. White people let segregation happen whether they agreed or disagreed with the kind of treatment the black people received because whites were not affected directly. Due to this, these days, some black people accuse white people of being racist. There were some white people that did stand up for the rights of blacks, and a few even died for this belief. They were people that truly understood the meaning of justice, and knew that if nothing was done, the injustice being committed would threaten justice everywhere. Justice and injustice are often in a battle of which is stronger. Acts of injustice spread easily, overcoming the ideals of justice. When a crowd acts, it is very difficult for people to standup against the crowd. It is easier for everyone to say they agree, even though they truly disagree. Only the brave few are willing to accept the consequences of standing up for what they believe in. I think this is what Martin Luther King, Jr. meant when he said â€Å"injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† It is a person’s moral responsibility to uphold just ideas.

Culture of the University of Phoenix Essay

University of Phoenix is a centre of excellence, which has served thousands of students from all over the world since it inception. The university’s culture is its personality, and it holds the university’s community by encouraging adherence to the university’s values, norms and assumptions all of which makes the university to behave in a way likely to promote the university’s cause. The culture of University of Phoenix is demonstrated in the things, which the University of Phoenix takes pride in such as its multinational students as well as warm relations with the local community. Like many learning institutions the culture of University of Phoenix can be referred to as an â€Å"Academy culture†. This is mainly the case considering the fact that in the University of Phoenix, there is little movement of staff and the staff turnover is quite low. It is likely that, most of the staff members at the university have served in the university for close to a decade or longer. There is also a blend of â€Å"club culture† in the organization given the fact that employees in the organization are recruited as junior employees but end up rising through the ranks to top management. Usually those who begin at the bottom of the organization but enroll in part time courses end up gaining skills and at the same time experience. This puts them at a very good position to enhance as the university supports career growth and development of its employees. The leaders in the university do not exercise unregulated authority characteristic in organizations such as military organizations which operate under a bureaucratic leadership style. The culture at University of Phoenix is that of unity and collaboration amongst the university community members. The University of Phoenix pursues a culture of integrity, honesty, excellence, racial tolerance, devotion to studies, creativeness as well as positive attitude towards success. The culture also calls for high belief in achievement and being goal oriented. The University of Phoenix promotes a culture of high values in everything the community members undertake. As a result of the cultural beliefs, the organization upholds, the University of Phoenix encourages total commitment to zero tolerance against racial discrimination, discrimination on basis of colour or nationality as well as zero tolerance towards gender discrimination. As a result of adherence to high values, the University of Phoenix continues to attract some of the best scholars in the world. People feel free to participate in the University’s growth in terms of continually being a centre for excellence. Therefore the University of Phoenix can be said to have a strong culture because every function of the university in terms of academic excellence and research activities is aligned to organizational values. This is what defines the strength of a culture and how well it is aligned to the organizational values. At the University of Phoenix there is a high sense of belonging amongst the students who always want to be associated with the organization, are proud to be associated with the university and wherever they go they carry themselves in a way in which they make good ambassadors of the university. Conclusion In a summary the culture of University of Phoenix mix can be said to be ideal in that it promotes participation of all members of the University in the promotion of the University’s values. The university’s culture allows for an easy introduction of change and therefore whenever there are any changes to be done it is never hard for the administration to institute nor the students to implement. There are rarely challenges so very hard for the university community to overcome as the culture allows for functioning as teams. Finally the culture allows for easy conflict resolution whenever conflicts arise. Reference http://www. insidehighered. com/workplace/2005/03/28/phoenix. Accessed on 6/04/2001. www. intuitive. com/blog/university_of_phoenix_apollo_group_releases_free_speech_policy. html Accessed on 6/04/2001.

Real Time Road Sign Recognition System

Real Time Road Sign Recognition System Using Artificial Neural Networks For Bengali Textual Information Box An Automated Road Sign Recognition system using Artificial Neural Network for the Textual Information box inscribing in Bengali is presented on the paper. Signs are visual languages that represent some special circumstantial information of environment. Road signs, being among the most important around us primarily for safety reasons, are designed, and manufactured and installed according to tight regulations. The system captures real time images every two seconds and saves them as JPG format files. Firstly some road sign are already stored in the memory. Like: Warning Sign, Prohibition Sign, Obligation Sign and Informative Sign. Car Driver concentration and illiterateness isn’t always focused on what it should be and not always notice the road signs. For these reasons, automation of Bangla Road Sign Recognition system is highly essential. Previously several works are done by Mueller, Piccioli, Novovicova, Yuille, Escalera and others. But those are not in Bengali. Real Time Road Sign Recognition System Using Artificial Neural Networks for Bengali Textual Information Box which is done by Mohammad Osiur Rahman, Fouzia Asharf Mousumi, Edgar Scavino, Aini Hussain, Hassan Basri whose are from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh, Faculty of Engineering, University Kebangsaan Malaysia. For doing this they divide the total Concept in Steps: 1. Image Acquisition: From several video sequences from a moving vehicle for a certain period are consecutive frames recorded within 2 seconds are similar. For this they have used Application Programming Interface functions of VB 6. 0. Every 2-second a frame is collected and stored in JPG format. 2. Preprocessing: Median filter is used to reduce impulsive or salt-and-pepper type noise from captured images and then normalized into 320 X 240 pixels. 3. Text Detection and Extraction: An algorithm was developed for textual information detection and extraction from Bangla Road Signs on the basis of the Sobel Edge Detection technique. Like the following: I. Read input image in . jpg format II. Convert colored image into gray scale image III. Apply 3Ãâ€"3 median filter convolution masks on gray scale image IV. Calculated edges by applying Sobel convolutions mask V. Thicken the calculated edges by dilation VI. Apply vertical Sobel projection filter on dimmed image VII. Create a histogram by computing projection values VIII. Find the threshold value of the image IX. Loop on the possible positive identifications based on the histogram values X. Extract the possible positive identifications based on the histogram values XI. Apply Sobel horizontal edge-emphasis for other possible text area searches XII. Convert detected text region into binary image XIII. Calculate height and width of detected region of text XIV. Crop the image 4. Bangla OCR using MLP: An ANN based approach is used for Bangla OCR of road signs’ text. It has 3 sub modules – Character segmentation, Feature Extraction and Character Recognition by MLP NN. 5. Confirmation of Textual Road Signs and Conversion 6. Speech synthesis The Proposed system works like the following: 1. From video sequences capture a single frame in JPG format in each 2 seconds. 2. Preprocess the captured image each time . Detect the Text and Extract that and then Extracted Text will recognize by Bengali Optical Character Recognition System. 4. Recognized characters of textual information compared with the stored knowledge and then give decision valid or invalid. 5. If Valid then recognize and according to users choice it provide Bengali or it convert to English and provide audio stream. The system processes the images to find out whe ther they contain images of road signs or not. The textual information of the road signs is detected and extracted from the images. The Bengali OCR system takes the textual information as an input to recognize individual Bengali characters. The Bengali OCR is implemented using Multi-layer Perceptron. The output of the Bengali OCR system is compared with the previously enrolled standard Bengali textual road signs. The throughput which comes from the matching process is used as input for the speech synthesizer and finally the system delivers the audio stream to the driver, either in Bengali or in English based on the user settings. After testing this system, the obtained accuracy rate was evaluated at 91. 48%. Our Idea by using Hopfield Associative Memory Our work to done this thesis by using Associative Memory. Which are two types – Hetero Associative Memory & Auto Associative Memory. We will use the Auto-associative / Autocorrelators Memory for our purposes. It’s now most easily recognized by the title of HAM(Hopfield Associative Memory), were introduced as a theoretical notation by Donald Hebb. To do this we need to first generate Matrices (Row or Column Matrix) in the Bipolar Boolean format (-1 and +1) from the Image. Then the matrices need to transpose of each of the matrices and then create the encoding process (The Connection Matrix) by [pic] And then need to Recognized of the stored patterns or feed each of the matrix by [pic] Introducing the Bipolar Function to [pic]. If [pic] >= 0 set the value +1 otherwise set the value -1 for each of the Element of the Matrix of [pic]. Now Recognition of Noisy Patterns by finding the Hamming Distance (HD) with the Given Noisy Pattern N by [pic] Which Hamming Distance of noisy and stored pattern are less the probability of matching to noisy pattern with the stored pattern are most. And then need to Recognized of the Noisy patterns or feed each of the matrix with Encoding Process by [pic] By using Bipolar Function to [pic]. If [pic] > 0 set the value +1 otherwise set the value -1 for each of the Element of the Matrix of [pic]. In this method we need to store all road sign text segmented by each blank will generate Matrices. And by the above method generate correlation matrix. If the Bipolar Noisy Matrix matched with the Transposed Matrix of the stored Image Transpose Matrix, in the case of partial vectors, an Auto-Correlator results in the refinement of the pattern or removal of noise to retrieve the closest matching stored pattern. Our Idea by using WANG et al. ’s Multiple training encoding strategy (WANG MTES): The algorithm of the WANG MTES is like the following: Step-1:Initialize the correlation matrix M to null matrix M ( [0]. Step-2:Compute the M as, For I ( 1 to N M ( M ( [qi * (Transpose Xi’) ( Yi’] [where Xi’ and Yi bipolar patterns] End Step-3:Read input bipolar Pattern A’ Step-4:Compute A_M where A_M ( A’ ( M Step-5:Apply threshold function ( to A_M to get B’ [(=bipolar of Matrices] Step-6:Output B’ which is the associated Pattern Pair. In this method, as like the HOPFIELD ASSOCIATIVE MEMORY we need to store all road sign text segmented by each character will generate Matrices Associated with the equivalent ASCII of Bengali Character Matrix. And by the above method generate correlation matrix of the stored Pattern. Now from the input image text need to generate matrix of called noisy pattern will must in bipolar form. And Feed with the Correlation Matrix. Equation like the following: [pic] qi’s are positive real number called generalized correlation matrix, will be change according to the improving feeding necessity. Figure: Schematic view of Bangla Road Sign Recognition System ———————– Speech Language Choose? Speech synthesis Convert into equivalent English text English Bengali Audio stream Valid Bangla road Sign Recognized Unrecognized Yes Prememorized Knowledge (Bangla Sign Textual info Database) Image (JPG format) Processing Text detection& extraction Matching Bangla OCR using WANG MTES Extracted Text Recognized Characters of Texture Information Single Frame Video Sequences No

Distillation Experiment

SUMMARY The aim is to observe distillation process of ethanol-water solution and to measure the alcohol content after process in this experiment. 500 ml of solution with an alcohol content of 32% (v/v) is used for this experiment. Temperature values are recorded for every 10 ml alcohol obtained in the flask. The process is repeated in our experiment and for the first process, the data collection process continues until the distillate reaches to 200 ml. The concentration of alcohol is measured for first process by hydrometer.For the second process, approximately 200 ml of distillate containing 70% alcohol is used and data collection continues until the distillate reaches 150 ml. Finally, the concentration of alcohol is also measured after 2nd process as 82%. INTRODUCTION The objective of this experiment is to distillate the alcohol-water solution into ethanol and water. Distillation is a process of separating mixtures based on differences in volatilities of components in a boiling liq uid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction.The basic requirement of distillation is that the components of the liquid solution must have different boiling points. There are some types of distillation methods which are flash distillation, simple batch distillation, simple steam distillation, continuous distillation, vacuum distillation, etc. : Flash distillation It is a single stage process which liquid mixture is vaporized. The vapor and the liquid are come to equilibrium, and these phases are separated. Simple steam distillation This is a separation process at lower temperatures.This process is often used to separate a high boiling component from small amounts of nonvolatile impurities. Continuous distillation This is a process in which a liquid mixture is continuously fed into the process and separated fractions are removed continuously. Vacuum distillation It is used for some compounds having very high boiling poin ts. Instead of the increasing the temperature too much, lowering the pressure is preferred in this distillation type. In this experiment we used simple batch distillation in order to distillate alcohol-water mixture.Simple batch distillation This is a separation process which the liquid charge is boiled slowly and the vapors are withdrawn as quickly as vapors form to condenser, where the distillate, condensed vapor, is collected. The first portion of vapor condensed will be the richest in the more volatile component. Vapor-liquid equilibria take an important role in distillation process. Vapor-Liquid-Equilibria (VLE) Constant pressure VLE data is obtained from boiling point diagrams. VLE data of binary mixtures is often presented as a plot, as shown in the figure below.The curved line is called the equilibrium line and describes the compositions of the liquid and vapour in equilibrium at some fixed pressure. Distillation experiment is applied to two miscible liquids which are ethano l-water, soluble in each other in all ratios. Mixtures of ethanol and water form an azeotrope. Azeotropic mixture: Azeotropic mixture is a solution that forms a vapor with the same concentration as the solution, distilling without a change in concentration. The composition of the liquid phase at the boiling point is identical to hat of the vapor in equilibrium with it, and azeotropes form constant-boiling solutions. The exact composition of the azeotrope changes if the boiling point is altered by a change in the external pressure. Ethyl alcohol and water form an azeotrope of 95. 6% at 78. 1 Â °C. Azeotropic systems give rise to VLE plots where the equilibrium curves crosses the diagonals. METHODS AND MATERIALS -Distillation apparatus -Alcoholmeter -Graduated cylinder -500 ml of 30% (v/v) water-ethanol mixture Source: Retrieved from http://www. baruch. cuny. edu/wsas/academics/natural_science/chm_1000/6_wine. df The distillation apparatus is for the separation of two miscible liquid s by taking advantage of their boiling point differences. The mixture is put in the distillation flask, and a thermometer is located in there. The heater has a knob that is used to adjust the heating. Cold tap water is circulated in the condenser to condense the vapor. First, the ethanol – water mixture was poured into the distillation flask, and boiling chips were used to prevent over bubbling. Then the heater was turned on at a moderate level to prevent fast heating and better separation of the liquids.After the first drop of the distillate was obtained, the temperature was recorded. Every 10 milliliters, the temperature in the flask was recorded. At the end of the distillation, an alcoholmeter was used to measure the alcohol content of the distillate. 200 milliliters of distillate was distillated again in the same manner to obtain a higher alcohol percentage in the final product. DATA & CALCULATION Notations used: A: Ethanol B: Water XA ? Mole fraction of ethanol in liquid YA ? Mole fraction of ethanol in vapor XB? Mole fraction of water in liquid YB ?Mole fraction of water in vapor Assumptions: – Pressure is 101,32kPa – Constant physical properties – Condensed fluid drops on the wall of still are neglected Initial data: – 500 mL of ethanol-water mixture is used for the first distillation. – 200 mL of ethanol-water mixture is used for the second distillation. Calculation: XA & YA values can be calculated from the Raoult’s law equation; ? A + ? B = P PA* XA + PB* XB = P ? Since XA + XB = 1 PA* XA + PB* (1- XA)= P XA = (P – PB)/( PA – PB) The PA & PB values were obtained according to the temperature data. (Acland,T. 2011) 1st DISTILLATION: T(? C)PBPAXAYAXBYB 7843,5100,11,0015551,0032540,000,00 78,544,4102,10,9864820,9940760,0135180,005924 7945,3104,10,9527210,9788620,0472790,021138 79,245,7104,90,9395270,9727240,0604730,027276 79,345,9105,30,9329970,9696460,0670030,030354 79,546,3106,20,9185310,96 27710,0814690,037229 8047,2108,30,8857610,9467820,1142390,053218 80,548,2110,40,8540190,9305540,1459810,069446 8149,2112,60,8220820,9136050,1779180,086395 81,550,2114,80,7913310,8966130,2086690,103387 8251,21170,7617020,8795810,2382980,120419 82,552,2119,30,7320420,8619480,2679580,138052 353,3121,60,7030750,8438010,2969250,156199 8455,4126,30,6476730,8073540,3523270,192646 8557,7131,20,5934690,7684880,4065310,231512 85,558,8133,70,567690,7491140,432310,250886 8762,4141,50,4920350,687160,5079650,31284 8864,8146,90,4448230,6449320,5551770,355068 88,566,1149,60,4217960,6227870,5782040,377213 9070158,10,3555050,5547310,6444950,445269 The average composition of total material distilled, Yav was measured by using hydrometer as 70%. So the final composition of remaining liquid,X2, can be obtained by material balance using Rayleigh equation: L1X1 = L2X2+ (L1 – L2)Yav 00(0,32) = 300 X2 + 200(0,7) ? X2 = 0,067 That means, 6,7 % of ethanol remained in the distillation still. 2nd DISTILL ATION: T(? C)PBPAXAYAXBYB 78,544,4102,10,9864820,9940760,0135180,005924 79,546,3106,20,9185310,9627710,0814690,037229 8047,2108,30,8857610,9467820,1142390,053218 8149,2112,60,8220820,9136050,1779180,086395 8251,21170,7617020,8795810,2382980,120419 8455,4126,30,6476730,8073540,3523270,192646 8864,8146,90,4448230,6449320,5551770,355068 9070158,10,3555050,5547310,6444950,445269 The average composition of total material distilled, Yav was measured by using hydrometer as 82%.So the final composition of remaining liquid,X2, can be obtained by material balance using Rayleigh equation: L1X1 = L2X2+ (L1 – L2)Yav 200(0,7) = 50 X2 + 150(0,82) ? X2 = 0,34 That means, 34 % of ethanol remained in the distillation still. DISCUSSION In first distillation, according to data obtained boiling point diagram is drawn. This graph can be seen as incomplete because some data is missing in order to complete graph since high temperature is not reached. Moreover, azeotropic point cannot be seen because we are not able to change pressure, so we cannot see that point and forward.In boiling point diagram graph for second distillation, we omit some of data because fraction is found negative, which is not possible. There may be error due to experimental condition or reflux. CONCLUSION In this experiment, our aim is to learn basic distillation concept and how to take and evaluate our data. We also learnt how to put data into boiling point diagram. In first distillation it is obtained 70% alcohol water solution and in the second distillation it is obtained 78% alcohol water solution.However, because of negative fraction values, we are not able to put all the data into boiling point diagram. REFERENCES Ackland, T. (2011). Home distillation of alcohol. Retrieved from http://homedistiller. org/ Geankoplis, C. J. (2003). Transport processes and separation process principles. Prentice Hall. Seperation Process. Distillation. Retrieved from http://www. separationprocesses. com/ Distillation/DT _Chp05. htm Wikipedia. Distillation. Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Distillation Wikipedia. Azeotropic Distillation. Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/

Summary Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary - Research Paper Example Pery and Wein (2008) advocating the full disclosure of terminal diagnosis indicate that "good death" occurs when the subjective (patient) and the objective (society, family) appear to blend seamlessly - before, during, and afterward (p.400). Simultaneously, Chochinov et al (2000) concludes that what patients are told, how they are told t and the manner in which they are able to integrate and cope with such information remains an important issue for clinicians attending to patients facing imminent death (p.505). Finally, Field and Copp (1999) emphasize that full disclosure approach to communication of terminal diagnosis is mandatory and results in positive outcomes for patients, their families and medical personnel. More specifically, Field and Copp (1999) indicate the following outcomes: (1) better information and communication from medical personnel, including nurses, (2) patient's participation in decisions about care, (3) psychological support from family members, (4) palliative c are, (5) self-esteem, (6) autonomy and decreased anxiety, (7) preparation for death and acceptance. Because there is emerging empirical evidence on improvements of patients' quality of life occurring after terminal diagnosis is communicated to them, a need for change in practice is mandatory. According to Rosswurm and Larrabee (1999), improvements in medical care are mad

PRIMARY CURRICULUM AND PLACEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

PRIMARY CURRICULUM AND PLACEMENT - Essay Example The curriculum enables children to communicate in a variety of ways and motivates them to develop literacy and numeracy skills in meaningful contexts (Early Years Interboard Group, 2006, p.3) It takes knowledgeable people to design a curriculum that meets all the needs of children. Before one could even attempt to create a developmentally appropriate programme for children, one must know how they learn best and incorporate the principles in the curriculum (McGuire, Wooldridge & Pratt-Adams, 2006). â€Å"Children learn best when learning is interactive, practical and enjoyable for both children and teachers† (Early Years Interboard Group, 2006, p. 4). Very young children in the early years need to have several opportunities to engage in active and challenging learning experiences that capitalize on their interests. When they are actively involved in planning, reviewing and reflecting on these activities, they become more eager learners ready to acquire the skills and concepts they need. The Foundation Stage curriculum aims to provide stimulating environments that give children access to a range of resources, develop secure relationships with peers and adults and empower children with choices and the exercise of autonomy and independence in their learning. It encourages children to explore and take risks (Early Years Interboard Group, 2006). The Foundation Stage curriculum recognizes the importance of play in childhood, as it provides many benefits (QCA, 2000). Play is one avenue in which much learning takes place and they need to be involved in play that is stimulating, challenging and considerate of their developmental needs where they can be free to be oneself without anyone imposing rules or restrictions to conform to society’s standards. Play engages the mind to actively imagine various scenarios for fun or for problem-solving (Pound, 1999). Babies and toddlers play in order to get to know their world – how

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Business Plan - Essay Example According to Wert (2009), â€Å"carnival’s generic strategy is best described as a blend of low-cost and differentiation.† This is like arguing that the company does not put all its eggs in one basket. Rather, it distributes the available generic strategies prudently to ensure that wider scopes of customer needs are met. By low cost strategy, the company masters in winning the hearts of as many clients with little economic standing as possible. For the high class who would prefer segregated forms of products and services, the company caters for this through the differentiation generic strategy. Scope of Generic Strategy Interestingly, the types of generic strategies identified earlier can be broken further down into whether they are implemented with a broad or narrow focus. Porter explains that the measure of either a broad or narrow focus constitutes the scope of the generic strategy. With reference to the generic strategies blended by Carnival Corporation (which are l ow cost and differentiation), the diagram below may give a representation of the different scopes available to Carnival Corporation. Source: Mind Tools (2012). ... It is not surprising that the current ratio, quick ratio and cash per share are all quoted as low with values of 0.215, 0.154 and 0 respectively (Covestor, 2012). The debt/equity, interest coverage ratio and book value per share are all quoted as average with values of 0.621, 1.17 and 0 respectively (Covestor, 2012). The second way by which the company implements cost leadership is by â€Å"increasing market share through charging lower prices, while still making a reasonable profit on each sale because you've reduced costs† Mind Tools, 2012). Differentiation involves making your products or services different from and more attractive those of your competitors. With reference to the product differentiation broad generic strategy, the company plays the game more to the implication of the name of strategy where by Carnival Corporation makes their products and services different from competitors in terms of the product quality, packaging appearance and attitude towards work. In t he bid to stand out tall in the industry, the company ensures that it trades not just product but quality service to its customers. This way, the company becomes the preferred destination for customers if the customers know they would even have to pay the same low price somewhere else for the same set of product delivery. Primary Competitors Indeed the Management Study Guide (2012) notes that one crutial area of competive analysis for any company is â€Å"identifying present as well as potential competitors. As far as the cruise ship operation industry is concerned, Carnival Corporation has a number of key competitors. These companies are described as key competitors because they trade in the same kind of business as